俄罗斯古典文学

古典主义文学的特点，在思想上肯定爱情自由、反对封建教会;在创作方法上运亲额利主渐阳用的基本上是文艺复兴时期盛行的现实主义手法;在表现形式上，其戏剧与文艺复兴戏剧一脉相传。

• 中文名称 俄罗斯古典文学
• 在思想上 肯定爱情自由、反对封建教会
• 手法 现实主义手法
• 性质 戏剧与文艺复兴戏剧一脉相传

俄国的发展

　　俄国古称罗斯，国家的形成较晚，公元8世纪末才出现以基辅为中心的基辅罗斯国，至15世纪下半叶(1480年以后)逐渐形成以莫斯科为核心的中央集权国家--俄罗斯。

文学发展历程

　　俄国文化发展也较晚，9世纪开始有文字，10世纪末产生笔录文学。从此时起俄国文学的发展经历了三个时期:古代(10-17世纪)、18世纪和19世纪。

　　俄国古代文学

　　古代文学测执通在漫长的岁月中，除了12世纪末出现过俄国古典文学的明珠《伊戈尔远征记》外，再无其他足以称誉世界首必用林确的名著。这与外族的入侵也有关系.蒙古人统治罗斯长达两个半世纪之来自久(1240-1480年)，对其经济和文化造成了巨大的破坏，自然也不能留下什么重要的作品.

　　俄国文学的过渡发展期

　　展满玉欢洋长构活18世纪的文学具有过渡的性质，一方面是出现了俄国历史上第一批知名的作家，如罗蒙诺索夫、杰尔查文、冯维辛、卡拉姆津、拉季360百科舍夫等，以及18世纪末19世纪初的格里鲍耶陀夫、克雷洛夫，另一方面是文学还有待于形成民族的独特性，赶上西欧近代文学的水平.因而它加速探索，努力建立一种摆脱模仿、力图具有民族性的文学.其发下已向即尼言面且节展过程是把西欧文学流派的诸种武器统统拿来使用，一旦发展某种流派不适合俄国需要，就迅速抛弃，再找新的，直至找到最适于发展俄国文学的武器，把它掌握起来，加以运用和发展.西欧17世纪以来几百年间先后出现的古典主义、启蒙主义、感伤主义、浪漫主义诸流派，俄国各整加找哥似该在不到一个世纪的时间里都先后试过了.最后在19世纪30-40年代才选中批判现实主义，让它成为发展俄国文学的有力武器.

　　俄国文学的鼎盛妈肉务降响汽必密抗左期

　　19世纪是俄信国古典文学成就最高的西卷简京后教犯划染代时期.自从18世纪彼得大帝实行改革以后，俄国的经济、政治气和文化有了全面的发展，文学也在探索民族独特群率散毛掌四么火性的道路上突飞猛进，到七裂雷晶术低素19世纪大发异彩，犹如由"侏儒"一下子变成"巨人"。其间可以分成三个阶段:19世纪30-40年代是俄国批判现实主义文学的形成阶段.由俄罗斯民族文学的奠基人普希金所写的诗歌，尤其是诗体小说《叶甫盖尼.奥涅金》成了俄国文学的典范，被称为"俄罗迅斯生活的百科全书"，主人公奥涅金在俄国文学史上开了"多余的人"形象的先硫宪木河，后起的作家莱蒙托夫在《故获倍扩协顺当代英雄》、赫尔岑在《谁之罪设?》等小说中相继仿效.果戈理则在剧作《钦差大臣》和小说《死魂灵》中加强了俄国文学的批判倾向，被认为是俄国写实派的开山祖众杀持敌起助换责余月粉师.普希金和果戈理的创作还首创了写"小人物"的传统.别林斯基从理论上阐明前两人的文学成就轮座发足庆工及其创新意义，奠定了现实主余供件浓赵降毫陈谓义文学理论的基础，促成"自然派"的出现，从而使俄国批判现实主义文学最终形成.50-60年代俄国文学迅速繁荣起来，在小说、诗歌、剧作和理论领域成果纷呈，人才辈出.屠格涅夫在文学的各种体裁上都有突出成就，成了文学繁荣的标志，特别是长篇小说，既有写"多余的人"形象的《罗亭》和《贵族之家》，又有塑造"新人"的《前夜》和《父与子》，为俄国文学最先赢得了世界声誉.车尔尼雪夫斯基的《怎么办?》、冈察洛夫的《奥勃洛摩夫》、托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》、陀思妥耶夫斯基的《罪与罚》等小说都为当时繁荣的文坛添光彩，同时，还有奥斯特洛夫斯基在剧作的成就《大雷雨》等，涅克拉索夫在诗歌上的贡献《谁在俄罗斯能过好日子?》，车尔尼雪夫斯基的美学理论和杜勃罗留波夫的文学批评.在70-90年代，俄国文学开始走向高峰，托尔斯泰继《战争与和平》之后，又写出《安娜.卡列尼娜》和《复活》等小说，达到了"最清醒的现实主义"，陀思妥耶夫斯基以长篇小说《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》等一系列作品表现了他的"虚幻的现实主义"特色，契诃夫则以大量的短篇小说体现了"日常生活的现实主义"。至此，俄国文学已呈现出批判现实主义的各种形态，发展到了极致.直到20世纪初文学的进程才发生转折.

　　Russia ancient times known asRose, the formation of the country late eight century AD, only appeared to Kiev as the center of the Kievan Rus state to the second half of the 15th century (since 1480) gradually formed the core of the centralized state in Moscow - Russia. Russia and cultural development is also a late 9th century, began writing, 10 century literature and generated transcripts. From this point on the development of Russian literature has experienced three periods: ancient (10-17 centuries), the 18th century and 19th century. ancient literature in the long years, in addition to 12 century there have been the pearl of Russian classical literature, "Igor expedition in mind", the no other enough to the world famous reputation. This alien invasion is also a relationship. Mongol rule over two and a half centuries Ross years (1240-1480 years), its economic and cultural damage caused by a huge, naturally could not leave behind important works in the .18-century literature of a transitional nature, on the one hand that there is a well-known in Russian history's first writers, such as the Lomonosov, Agere Chaweng, Feng Visin, Karamzin, Radi Shevchuk, as well as the late 18th and early 19th century Gelibaoye Tuo-fu, Krylov, on the other literature has yet to form the uniqueness of the nation to catch up with Western Europe, the level of modern literature. so it speed up the exploration efforts toestablisha kind of out of imitation, sought to have the national character of literature. its development process is to unite in the Western European literary genre of weapons were all brought to use, once the development of a certain school is not suitable for Russia needs, quickly abandoned, to find a new, until the development of Russian literature to find the most suitable weapons in its possession up to the use and development. Western Europe since the 17th century a few have been a hundred years of classical Marxism, Enlightenment, sentimentalism, romanticism various genres, Russia in less than a century, have tried all the time. Finally, in the 19th century until the age 30-40selectedcritical realism, so that It became a powerful weapon for the development of Russian literature, Russian classical literature .19 century is the most successful period of time. Since the 18th century after the reforms of Peter theGreat, the Russian economy, politics and culture have all-round development, literature is also exploring the unique nature of national on the road by leaps and bounds, to the 19th century this remarkable achievement,as ifby the "dwarf" suddenly become "giants." During this period can be divided into three stages: the 19th century Russian criticism of 30-40 years were the formative stages of realistic literature. By the Russian national literature written by thefounderof Pushkin's poetry, especially the verse novel "EugeneGainey.Onegin "has become a model for Russian literature, known as the" Russian living encyclopedia, "the hero Onegin in Russian literary history, open the" superfluous man "image of the first of its kind,-and-coming writer Lermontov in the" modern heroes "Herzen in" Who's the offense? "And other novels soon follow suit. Gogol in the play" imperial minister "and the novel"DeadSouls "to enhance the tendency of the Russian literary criticism, is considered the Kaishanzushi Russian realism. Pushkin and Gogol creation is also pioneered write "little man" tradition. Belinsky theoretically clarify the literary success of the first two and innovative, laid the foundation for realistic literary theory, contributed to the "natural school" there, so that Russia's criticism of the reality Literature ultimately form .50-60 era of Russian literature boomed, in fiction, poetry, plays and theoretical results in the area scene, talented people. Turgenev a variety of genres in literature all haveoutstandingachievements, has become literary a sign of prosperity, especially in novels, not only to write "superfluous people" image, "Rudin" and "aristocrats", with shaping the "new man" and "Eve" and "FatherandSon", to Russian Literature The first won a world reputation. Chernyshevsky of "how to do? "Goncharov's" Aobo Luo Mo Fu, "Tolstoy's" War andPeace, "Dostoevsky's" Crime and Punishment "and other novels for the then thriving literary Tim luster, At the same time, there is Ostrovsky's achievements in the play "big thunderstorm," and so on, Nekrasov's contribution in poetry, "Who can live a good life in Russia? "Chernyshevsky aesthetic theory and literary criticism Dobrolyubov. In the 70-90 era, Russian literature is beginning topeak, following Tolstoy" War and Peace "After that, it wrote," Anna. Karenina "and" Resurrection "and other novels, has reached" the most clear-headed realism "in order to Dostoevsky novel" The Brothers Karamazov "and other series of works on the performance of his" unreal reality ism "feature of Chekhov short stories with large-scale reflects the" realism of everyday life. " At this point, Russian literature have shown various forms of critical realism, developed to an extreme. Until the 20th century until the beginning of the process of literature took a new turn。